Association between Deep Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Estimated by DAAT Index and Dietary Intake in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome

Abstract Background: Abdominal obesity has been associated with cardiovascular disease and may be modulated by dietary intake. The deep abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (dSAT) is a body fat compartment that can be estimated by using mathematical formulas. Objectives: To evaluate the association between dSAT estimated by the Deep-Abdominal-Adipose-Tissue (DAAT) index and dietary intake in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted with patients ≥ 18 years of age admitted to a tertiary hospital. Sociodemographic, clinical, and anthropometric (body weight [kg], height [m], waist, hip and neck circumferences [cm]) data were evaluated. A food frequency questionnaire was applied to identify each patient's nutrient intake. The DAAT index was calculated according to specific formulas for men and women. Possible association between food intake and the DAAT index was evaluated by multiple linear regression. The level of significance adopted was 0.05. Results: This study evaluated 138 patients, with a mean age of 61.2±10.8 years. Prevalence of obesity was 29.4% in men and 37.7% in women. Regarding waist circumference, 83% of the women showed values considered to be very high. The DAAT index was significantly higher in men when compared to woman (P < 0.0001) and proved to be positively correlated with proteins (r= 0.22, P= 0.01) and monounsaturated fatty acid (r= 0.18, P= 0.04) intake in the entire sample. After adjustment for sex, alcohol consumption, and levels of physical activity, the DAAT index was associated with the female sex (B= −129.84, P <0.001) and a sedentary lifestyle (B= 57.99, P <0.001). Conclusion: dSAT estimated by the DAAT index was not associated with dietary intake in patients with ACS.

Adiposidad abdominal y resistencia a la insulina al finalizar el primer trimestre de la gestación / Abdominal Adiposity and Insulin Resistance at the End of the First Trimester of Gestation

Introducción: La adiposidad central como factor desencadenante de resistencia a la insulina precoz constituye una amenaza potencial de riesgo metabólico y cardiovascular en el embarazo. Objetivo: Determinar la capacidad discriminante de las grasas abdominales sobre la resistencia a la insulina, diagnosticada por el índice triglicéridos/glucosa-IMC al finalizar el primer trimestre del embarazo. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico de 526 gestantes con embarazo simple y edad gestacional entre 12 y 13 semanas, entre los años 2016 y 2020. Se estudió el test de triglicéridos/glucosa-IMC y las grasas abdominales por ultrasonido. Se utilizaron las curvas ROC (Receiver operating characteristic Curve) para discriminar la resistencia a la insulina al finalizar el primer trimestre de la gestación, cuando aumentan las grasas abdominales. Resultados: La grasa subcutánea fue la que presentó mayor área bajo la curva en la discriminación de la resistencia a la insulina, con un nivel de sensibilidad y especificidad aceptable. Conclusiones: La grasa subcutánea, aunque con bajo valor discriminativo, puede considerarse como augurio de resistencia a la insulina y de diabetes gestacional. Se requiere profundizar en el estudio de las grasas abdominales dado el conocimiento de su impacto en los desórdenes metabólicos en el curso avanzado de la gestación(AU)

Introduction: Central adiposity as a triggering factor for early insulin resistance is a potential threat of metabolic and cardiovascular risk in pregnancy. Objective: To determine the discriminating capacity of abdominal fat over insulin resistance, diagnosed by the triglyceride/glucose-BMI index at the end of the first trimester of pregnancy. Methods: An analytical and observational study was carried out with 526 pregnant women of singleton pregnancy and gestational age between twelve and thirteen weeks, between 2016 and 2020. The triglyceride/glucose-BMI test was studied, together with abdominal fats by ultrasound. ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curves were used to discriminate insulin resistance at the end of the first trimester of gestation, when abdominal fats increase. Results: Subcutaneous fat presented the highest area under the curve in the discrimination of insulin resistance, with an acceptable level of sensitivity and specificity. Conclusions: Subcutaneous fat, although with low discriminative value, can be considered as a harbinger of insulin resistance and gestational diabetes. Further study of abdominal fat is required, given the knowledge of its impact on metabolic disorders in late gestation(AU)

Asociación entre variables ecográficas de adiposidad abdominal y variables analíticas y antropométricas aplicando análisis de correlación canónica en gestantes normopeso / Association between echography variables of abdominal adiposity and analytical and anthropometric variables applying canonical correlation analysis in normal-weight pregnant

RESUMEN Fundamento: La obesidad abdominal en gestantes es un marcador de riesgo cardiometabólico independientemente de la adiposidad general, siendo la ultrasonografía de gran utilidad para distinguir los compartimientos adiposos del abdomen y diagnosticar tal peligro al inicio de la gestación. Objetivo: Determinar asociaciones entre variables ecográficas de adiposidad abdominal y variables analíticas y antropométricas en gestantes normopeso al inicio del embarazo según fenotipos metabólicos empleando análisis de correlación canónica. Metodología: Estudio transversal en 526 embarazadas normopeso, entre 12 y 14 semanas de edad gestacional, atendidas en consulta de ultrasonido del Policlínico Docente Chiqui Gómez, municipio Santa Clara. Se midieron las grasas abdominales subcutánea, preperitoneal y visceral, así como variables antropométricas y analíticas. Se conformaron 3 fenotipos metabólicos, y se aplicó la correlación canónica para determinar el nexo entre las mismas y su comportamiento en los diferentes fenotipos. Resultados: Se identificaron 2 conjuntos de variables con correlaciones canónicas que se incrementaron del fenotipo saludable al metabólicamente obeso con valores de 0.6930 a 0.8955 y 0.9298 respectivamente y alta significancia estadística (p=0.000). Conclusiones: Se demuestra el nexo entre las variables ecográficas de adiposidad abdominal grasa subcutánea y grasa visceral y las variables analíticas resistencia a Ia insulina, producto de acumulación lipídico, índice aterogénico y glucemia, evidenciado por los altos valores de correlaciones canónicas obtenidos según cambia el fenotipo de normopeso saludable al metabólicamente obeso; orientando un nuevo enfoque en la determinación de fenotipos de riesgo metabólico en la gestación temprana en mujeres normopeso.

ABSTRACT Background: Abdominal obesity in pregnant women is an indicator of cardiometabolic risk with non-independence of general adiposity, being the ultrasound very useful to distinguish the abdomen adipose compartments also diagnose this risk at the beginning of pregnancy. Objective: To determine possible associations between the ultrasound variables of abdominal adiposity and those analytical and anthropometric in normal-weight pregnant women at the beginning of pregnancy according to metabolic phenotypes using canonical correlation analysis. Methodology: A cross-sectional study in 526 normal-weight pregnant women, between 12 and 14 weeks of gestational age, assisted in the ultrasound office at Chiqui Gómez teaching polyclinic, in Santa Clara city. Subcutaneous, preperitoneal and visceral abdominal fats were measured, as well as anthropometric and analytical variables. Three metabolic phenotypes were formed, and canonical correlation was applied to determine their relation and also behavior among the different phenotypes. Results: 2 sets of variables were identified with canonical correlations that increased from the healthy to the metabolically obese phenotype with values from 0.6930 to 0.8955 and 0.9298 respectively and high statistical significance (p=0.000). Conclusions: The link between the ultrasound variables of abdominal adiposity, subcutaneous and visceral fat and the analytical insulin resistance, lipid accumulation product, atherogenic index and blood glucose is demonstrated, evidenced by the high values of canonical correlations obtained as the phenotype changes from healthy normal-weight to metabolically obese; guiding a new approach in the resolve of the metabolic risk phenotypes in early gestation in normal-weight women.

Asociación entre el espesor de la grasa subcutánea abdominal y la esteatosis hepática, las enzimas hepáticas y los lípidos séricos en niños obesos / Association of abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness with hepatic steatosis, liver enzymes, and serum lipids in obese children

Introducción. La obesidad infantil puede causar hiperlipidemia y esteatosis hepática y complicaciones crónicas. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la relación entre el espesor de la grasa subcutánea abdominal (GSA) y la esteatosis hepática, las transaminasas y los lípidos séricos en niños obesos.Población y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo en niños (4-18 años) que acudieron a los consultorios externos. Se evaluaron las asociaciones entre el espesor de la GSA mediante ecografía y la esteatosis hepática, alanina aminotransferasa (ALT), aspartato aminotransferasa (AST) y el perfil lipídico sérico.Resultados. Se identificaron 95 niños con esteatosis hepática; el grado 1 fue el más frecuente (73,6 %, n: 70), seguido del grado 2 (21,1 %) y del 3 (5,3 %). El espesor medio (en mm) de la GSA de línea media y flancos fue 38,48 ± 11,53 y 20,91 ± 8,00 en grado 1; 41,23 ± 10,03 y 19,84 ± 6,75 en grado 2, y 63,12 ± 12,08 y 23,22 ± 5,92 en grado 3, respectivamente. El espesor de la GSA de línea media y flancos se correlacionó positivamente con triglicéridos en grado 3; el espesor de la GSA de línea media se correlacionó con el índice de masa corporal, colesterol total, colesterol LDL y AST (r: 0,9; p: 0,037; r: 0,648; p: 0,001; r: 0,387; p: 0,001; r: 0,406; p: 0,001; r: 0,463; p: 0,001; respectivamente) en grado 1.Conclusión. El espesor de la GSA mediante ecografía puede predecir hiperlipidemia en niños obesos con esteatosis hepática de grado 3 e hipercolesterolemia en grado 1.

Introduction. Childhood obesity can cause hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis at early age and chronic disease complications in adult life. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness (ASFT) and hepatic steatosis, serum lipid and transaminase levels in obese children.Population and methods. A retrospective study was conducted with children (aged 4-18 years) who presented to outpatient clinic due to obesity. Associations between ASFT as assessed by ultrasonography (US) and hepatic steatosis, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and serum lipid profile were evaluated.Results. We identified 95 children, all of which were diagnosed as having hepatic steatosis; the most common type was grade 1 (73.6 %, n: 70), followed by grade 2 (21.1 %) and grade 3 (5.3 %). The mean values of midline and flank ASFT were measured as 38.48 ± 11.53 mm and 20.91 ± 8.00 mm in grade 1; 41.23 ± 10.03 and 19.84 ± 6.75 in grade 2 and 63.12 ± 12.08 and 23.22 ± 5.92 in grade 3 hepatic steatosis, respectively. Midline and flank ASFT correlated positively with triglycerides in grade 3 steatosis, while midline ASFT correlated with body mass index, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and AST (r: 0.9; p: 0.037; r: 0.648, p: 0.001; r: 0.387, p: 0.001; r: 0.406, p: 0.001, r: 0.463, p: 0.001; respectively) in grade 1 steatosis.Conclusion. ASFT as assessed by US may be of predictive value for hyperlipidemia in grade 3 and for hypercholesterolemia in grade 1 hepatic steatosis in obese children.

Glomerular filtration rate and its relationship with visceral and subcutaneous adiposity: a study with patients from Northeast Brazil / Tasa de filtración glomerular y su relación con la adiposidad visceral y subcutánea: un estudio con pacientes del noreste brasileño

ABSTRACT Objective: evaluate the relationship between visceral/subcutaneous adipose tissue (VAT/SAT) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Methods: A case series study was conducted with 146 male and female adult outpatients at a hospital in Northeast Brazil. VAT and SAT were quantified using computed tomography and GFR was estimated using the formula proposed by the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration. The conceptual model also considered socio-demographic, clinical, anthropometric and lifestyle variables. Results: Females accounted for 71.9% of the sample and mean age was 52.5±13.2 years. Mean body mass index indicated obesity in both sexes (men:30.4±5.9 kg/m2; women: 31.6±6.1 kg/m2). For the same mean age and BMI, men had more VAT and a higher VAT/SAT ratio. Mean GFR was similar between sexes and within the normal range. Simple linear regression analysis revealed that 21.8% of the reduction in GFR in males could be explained by the VAT/SAT ratio (p=0.002). Among females, both VAT alone and the VAT/SAT ratio were predictors of GFR reduction (r2=4.8%, p=0.025 and r2=5.3%, p=0.019, respectively). Conclusion: Mean VAT and VAT/SAT ratio were compatible with abdominal obesity in both sexes and were related to a reduction in GFR.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre el tejido adiposo visceral (TAV) y subcutáneo (TAS) con la tasa de filtración glomerular. Métodos: Estudio tipo serie de casos, en 146 pacientes adultos de ambos sexos, atendidos en un ambulatorio de un hospital de referencia en el Nordeste brasileño. El TAV y el TAS se cuantificaron por tomografía computadorizada y la tasa de filtración glomerular (TFG) estimada por la fórmula del grupo Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI). El modelo conceptual también consideró variables sociodemográficas, clínicas, antropométricas y de estilo de vida. Resultados: Pacientes con edad promedio de 52,5 ± 13,2 años y el 71,9% de sexo femenino. El promedio del IMC en ambos sexos se encuentra en el rango de obesidad (hombres= 30,4 ± 5,9 kg/m2 vs mujeres= 31,6 ± 6,1 kg/m2). Para un mismo promedio de edad e IMC, los hombres presentaron mayor TAV y mayor razón TAV/TAS que las mujeres. El promedio de la TFG fue similar entre los sexos y se encuentra en el rango normal. A través de regresión lineal simple, se evidenció que, en el sexo masculino, la disminución de la TFG puede explicarse en el 21,8% por la razón TAV/TAS (p=0,002). En el sexo femenino, tanto el TAV aislado como la razón TAV/TAS fueron predictores de disminución de la TFG (r2= 4,8%; p=0,025 e r2= 5,3%; p=0,019), respectivamente. Conclusión: Se evidenciaron valores muy elevados de los parámetros antropométricos de obesidad abdominal y promedio de TAV y de la razón TAV/TAS compatible con obesidad visceral en ambos sexos, siendo que estos dos últimos parámetros estuvieron relacionados al descenso de la TFG.

Visceral-to-Subcutaneous Abdominal Fat Ratio Is Associated with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Liver Fibrosis

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the association of visceral-to-subcutaneous fat ratio (VSR) with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and advanced fibrosis degree based on noninvasive serum fibrosis markers in the general population with NAFLD.METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study, in 7,465 Korean adults who underwent health screening examinations. NAFLD was defined as fatty liver detected on ultrasonography, and visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat was measured using computed tomography. We predicted fibrosis based on the fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) score and aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI) and categorized the risk for advanced fibrosis as low, indeterminate, or high.RESULTS: The multivariable-adjusted prevalence ratios for indeterminate to high risk of advanced fibrosis based on FIB-4, determined by comparing the second, third, and fourth quartiles with the first quartile of VSR, were 3.38 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64 to 17.97), 9.41 (95% CI, 1.97 to 45.01), and 19.34 (95% CI, 4.06 to 92.18), respectively. The multivariable-adjusted prevalence ratios for intermediate to high degree of fibrosis according to APRI also increased across VSR quartiles (5.04 [95% CI, 2.65 to 9.59], 7.51 [95% CI, 3.91 to 14.42], and 19.55 [95% CI, 9.97 to 38.34], respectively). High VSR was more strongly associated with the prevalence of NAFLD in nonobese subjects than in obese subjects, and the associations between VSR and intermediate to high probability of advanced fibrosis in NAFLD were stronger in obese subjects than in nonobese subjects.CONCLUSION: High VSR values predicted increased NAFLD risk and advanced fibrosis risk with NAFLD, and the predictive value of VSR for indeterminate to high risk of advanced fibrosis was higher in obese subjects than in nonobese subjects.

Condutas em lipoaspiraçã o entre cirurgiões brasileiros / Liposuction Practices among Brazilian Surgeons

Introdução: Desde a década de 1980, com Illouz, a lipoaspiração ganhou popularidade e representa hoje um dos procedimentos mais realizados no mundo. Algumas de suas complicações são graves e potencialmente letais. Não existe, contudo, uma uniformidade em sua prática ou no seu ensino. A avaliação das técnicas empregadas por cirurgiões plásticos pode ser o início de uma padronização. Métodos: Foi aplicado um questionário sobre lipoaspiração no 52º Congresso Brasileiro de Cirurgia Plástica para cirurgiões plásticos de diferentes faixas etárias e regiões do Brasil, presentes no evento. Resultados: Foram contabilizados 243 questionários preenchidos (n = 243). O número médio de incisões foi de 9 (2 - 16). Duzentos e quarenta e um cirurgiões (99%) realizam incisões na linha mediana/ paramediana anteriormente e 236 (97%) incisam na linha mediana/paramediana na região posterior. Aproximadamente metade dos questionados utilizam a anestesia geral. Duzentos e nove cirurgiões (86%) posicionam o paciente em decúbito ventral durante o procedimento. A lipoaspiração superficial é realizada por 146 (60%) entrevistados, sendo que 22 (9%) fazem a aspiração apenas desta camada adiposa. Oitenta e cinco (35%) participantes relatam controlar a pressão do aparelho durante o procedimento. Conclusão: A lipoaspiração realizada no Brasil apresenta grande variação técnica. Essa constatação nos faz refletir sobre a necessidade de uma uniformização de sua prática e ensino a fim de aumentar o controle e a segurança do procedimento.

Introduction: Since the 1980s, with Illouz, liposuction has gained popularity and represents one of the most commonly performed procedures in the world today. Some of the complications are serious and potentially lethal. Nevertheless, uniformity in its practice or the manner in which it is taught does not exist. Evaluating techniques employed by plastic surgeons may be the start toward standardization. Methods: A questionnaire on liposuction was given to plastic surgeons of different age groups and from regions of Brazil who were present at the 52nd Brazilian Conference for Plastic Surgery. Results: Two hundred forty-three questionnaires were filled out (n = 243). The average number of incisions was 9 (2­16). Two hundred fortyone surgeons (99%) made incisions along the anterior median/ paramedian line, and 236 (97%) made incisions on the posterior median/paramedian line. Approximately half of those surveyed utilized general anesthesia. Two hundred nine surgeons (86%) placed the patient in the prone position during the procedure. One hundred forty-six (60%) interviewees performed superficial liposuction, with 22 (9%) performing liposuction only on this adipose layer. Eighty-five (35%) participants reported controlling the apparatus's pressure during the procedure. Conclusion: Liposuction procedures performed in Brazil have significant technical variations. This finding encourages us to reflect on the need to standardize liposuction practice and the manner in which it is taught so as to increase control over the procedure and its safety.

Correlation between Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Visceral Adipose Tissue in Non-Obese Chinese Adults: A CT Evaluation

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and visceral adipose tissue in non-obese Chinese adults using computed tomography (CT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 454 subjects undergoing abdominal CT scan. Degree of CT attenuation in liver and spleen, and the degree of fat infiltration in liver were evaluated according to three indices: the attenuation value of liver parenchyma (CTLP), the attenuation ratio of liver and spleen (LSratio) and the attenuation difference between liver and spleen (LSdif). Visceral fat area (VFA) and total fat area (TFA) at L2/3 and L4/5 levels were measured, and the abdominal subcutaneous fat area (SFA) was calculated. Bivariate correlation analysis was carried out to determine the correlation among these factors. RESULTS: In men, VFA, SFA and TFA at L2/3 and L4/5 levels showed significant differences in terms of the three indices to distinguish fatty liver from non-fatty liver (all, p < 0.001). In men, all the three indices showed negative correlation with TFA, SFA and VFA (all, p < 0.001). The negative correlation between the three indices and VFA at the L2/3 level was higher than at L4/5 level (r = −0.476 vs. r = −0.340 for CTLP, r = −0.502 vs. r = −0.413 for LSratio, r = −0.543 vs. r = −0.422 for LSdif, p < 0.001, respectively). The negative correlation between LSratio, LSdif and VFA at L2/3 and L4/5 levels was higher than SFA at the corresponding level. In women, all the three indices showed negative correlation with VFA and TFA at L2/3 and L4/5 levels, and the negative correlation between CTLP and VFA was higher at L2/3 level than at L4/5 level (r = −0.294 vs. r = −0.254, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In non-obese Chinese adults, the degree of hepatic fatty infiltration showed a strong correlation with abdominal fat on CT. VFA at L2/3 level was more closely related to fatty liver compared with VFA at L4/5 level.

Reconstrucción mamaria con colgajo perforante de arteria epigástrica inferior profunda (DIEP) / Breast reconstruction with DIEP flaps

Introducción. La reconstrucción mamaria sigue siendo hoy en día un verdadero desafío para la cirugía reparadora, que tiene como objetivo principal recuperar la imagen corporal y la calidad de vida de estos pacientes. Para lograr este cometido se cuenta con un amplio arsenal terapéutico. La reconstrucción con implantes es la forma más común de reconstrucción en el mundo. Sin embargo, las técnicas con tejidos autólogos han ganado terreno en los últimos años por su mejor calidad reconstructiva y durabilidad en el tiempo. Material y método. El colgajo DIEP consiste en un colgajo libre, compuesto por piel y tejido celular subcutáneo de la región abdominal inferior, basado en perforantes de la arteria epigástrica inferior profunda. Brinda buenos resultados reconstructivos, sin sacrifi cio funcional de la pared abdominal. El objetivo del trabajo es resaltar algunas de las características más relevantes de esta técnica y la experiencia de nuestro servicio en su utilización para la reconstrucción mamaria. Resultados y discusión. La experiencia del servicio con la utilización de este colgajo ha sido satisfactoria, con buenos resultados, bajas complicaciones y aceptación por parte de las pacientes. Conclusiones. Si bien se trata de un colgajo que requiere una técnica microquirúrgica, con una importante curva de aprendizaje, logra devolver una mama con características similares a la contralateral en forma, volumen y textura, con el benefi cio estético del contorneado corporal abdominal y sin las complicaciones del uso del material protésico, considerándose hoy en día como una herramienta más a tener en cuenta para la reconstrucción mamaria.

Background: Breast reconstruction remains as a real challenge for restorative surgery today, with the main objective of recovering the body image and the quality of life of these patients. To achieve this, there is a broad therapeutic arsenal. Reconstruction with implants is the most common form of reconstruction in the world; however, autologous tissue techniques have gained ground in recent years for their improved reconstructive quality and durability over time. Material and Method:The DIEP fl ap is a free fl ap, composed of skin and subcutaneous cellular tissue of the lower abdominal region, based on perforators of the deep inferior epigastric artery, providing good reconstructive results, without functional sacrifi ce of the abdominal wall. The objective of this work is to highlight some of the most relevant characteristics of this technique and the experience of our service in its use for breast reconstruction. Results and Discussion: The experience of the Service with the use of this fl ap has been satisfactory, with good results, low complications and acceptance by the patients. Conclusions: Although it is a fl ap that requires a microsurgical technique, with an important learning curve, it manages to return a breast with similar characteristics to the contralateral in shape, volume and texture, with the esthetic benefi t of abdominal body contouring and without complications of the use of prosthetic material, being considered nowadays as one more tool to take into account for the reconstruction mammary.

Prediction of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnant Korean Women Based on Abdominal Subcutaneous Fat Thickness as Measured by Ultrasonography

BACKGROUND: This study was performed to verify the correlation between abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness (ASFT) measured by ultrasonography (US) during the first trimester of pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) of the second trimester in Korean women and to establish a standard of ASFT for predicting GDM. METHODS: A total of 333 singleton pregnant women participated in this study. Their ASFT was measured by US during the 10+6 to 13+6 weeks of pregnancy; then a GDM confirmatory test (100 g oral glucose tolerance test) was conducted during the 24 to 28 week period of pregnancy. Based on the GDM tests, comparative analyses of the ages of the subjects, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), and weight gain during pregnancy were conducted. RESULTS: The ages of the subjects and weight gains during pregnancy were not correlated to the GDM of the second trimester of pregnancy, but the pre-pregnancy BMIs (22±3.3 kg/m²) and the ASFT (1.9±0.5 cm) measurements between the control group and subjects during the first trimester of pregnancy were found to show significant differences (P < 0.001). The cut-off value of the ASFT for predicting GDM was determined to be 2.4 cm (area under the curve=0.90, sensitivity 75.61%, specificity 91.78%, P < 0.001). The odds ratio was 2.91 (95% confidence interval, 1.07 to 7.92; P=0.034), which was higher than the 2.4 cm ASFT. CONCLUSION: It was determined that ASFT as measured by US during the first trimester of pregnancy can be used to predict the risk of developing GDM during the second trimester of pregnancy and for prognosis.

¿Es la grasa abdominal subcutánea un predictor de la variabilidad cardíaca en hombres con bajo riesgo metabólico? / Is the abdominal subcutaneous fat a predictor of heart rate variability in men with low metabolic risk?

Introducción: Aunque el sobrepeso/obesidad, adiposidad aumentada e inactividad física se asocian a menor variabilidad cardíaca y desregulación autonómica, no se ha explorado en detalle la relación entre estos factores en sujetos de bajo riesgo metabólico. Objetivo: Analizar el tipo y fuerza de asociación entre la variabilidad cardíaca en reposo y la adiposidad en hombres jóvenes, delgados y físicamente activos. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo transversal. Se analizaron los componentes espectrales de la variabilidad cardíaca en 24 hombres de 18-30 años físicamente activos, con peso y adiposidad normales. Se realizaron análisis de regresión lineal múltiple para explicar la variabilidad cardíaca en función de la relación cintura/cadera, pliegue abdominal y actividad física. Resultados: El volumen de actividad física semanal se relacionó positivamente con RMSSD y HF, y negativamente con LF y LF/HF. La relación cintura/cadera y el pliegue abdominal se relacionaron positivamente con HF y negativamente con LF y LF/HF. En todos los casos, los coeficientes de regresión β tipificados estuvieron entre 0,395 y 0,505 (p<0,05). El índice de grasa visceral calculado a partir de bioimpedancia no mostró relación alguna. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos aquí reportados son indicativos de que en hombres jóvenes, delgados y físicamente activos, la actividad física y la grasa subcutánea se relacionan positivamente con el tono vagal y negativamente con el tono simpático, lo que lleva a postular que la acumulación del exceso calórico en forma de tejido adiposo subcutáneo (y no visceral) podría ser un mecanismo de protección contra el desarrollo de síndrome metabólico en estos sujetos.

Objective: To measure the type and strength of the potential association between heart rate variability at rest and some indicators of adiposity in young, lean, and physically active men. Introduction: Although overweight/obesity, increased adiposity and physical inactivity are associated with decreased heart rate variability and autonomic dysregulation, the relationship between these factors has not been explored in detail in subjects with low metabolic risk: normal weight, low adiposity and physically active. Methodology: Cross-sectional analytical study. The spectral components of heart rate variability were analyzed in 24 physically active men, 18-30 years old, with normal weight and adiposity. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to explain heart rate variability as a function of waist to hip ratio, abdominal skinfod and physical activity. Results: The volume of weekly physical activity was positively related to RMSSD and HF, and negatively with LF and LF/HF. Both the waist to hip ratio and abdominal skinfold were positively related with HF, and negatively with LF and LF/HF. In all cases, the B regression standardized coefficients were between 0.395 and 0.505 (p<0.05). The visceral fat rating calculated from bioimpedance showed no relation. Conclusions: The findings reported here are indicative that in young, lean and physically active men, physical activity and subcutaneous fat are positively related to vagal tone and negatively with sympathetic tone. This leads us to postulate that the accumulation of caloric excess in the form of subcutaneous adipose tissue (not visceral) might be a protective mechanism against the development of metabolic syndrome in these subjects.

Revisão da técnica de abdominoplastia com dissecção reduzida e fixação com pontos de Baroudi / A review of abdominoplasty technique with reduced dissection and fixation with Baroudi sutures

INTRODUÇÃO: Um estudo retrospectivo foi realizado em 500 abdominoplastias tipo incisão transversal pubiana baixa, combinada com lipoaspiração de 2007 a 2014. Em todas, a dissecção do retalho cutâneo abdominal foi restrita, em que foram aplicados pontos de adesão em toda a extensão das regiões dissecadas. Foi ainda avaliado o uso ou não de drenos de sucção a vácuo. Em 33% dos casos não foram utilizados estes drenos e não foram também detectados sinais de seroma, comprovando a eficácia dos pontos de adesão. MÉTODOS: Em todas as abdominoplastias a via de acesso foi da região pubiana transversal baixa estendida até o nível das espinhas ilíacas anterossuperiores bilateralmente, associada à lipoaspiração nas regiões dos flancos. Após a dissecção, plicatura dos músculos retos e ressecção dos excessos cutâneos, foram aplicados pontos de adesão em toda a extensão das regiões dissecadas. RESULTADOS: A conduta com o uso sistemático dos pontos de adesão demonstrou ser eficaz, sem a necessidade do uso de drenos de qualquer natureza dada a inexistência de seroma em todos os casos operados. CONCLUSÃO: Nas abdominoplastias tipo pubiana transversal baixa, a dissecção limitada do retalho cutâneo estendida até o apêndice xifoide, associada a pontos de adesão e lipoaspiração concomitante, tem dispensado o uso de drenos a vácuo, sem a existência de seroma, além de determinar resultados gratificantes.

INTRODUCTION: A retrospective study was carried out on 500 abdominoplasties with lower pubic transverse incision combined with liposuction, performed from 2007 to 2014. In all cases, the dissection of the abdominal skin flap was restricted, with adhesion sutures applied throughout the dissected regions. The use of vacuum suction drains was also evaluated. In 33% of cases, these drains were not used, but no signs of seroma were detected, proving the efficacy of adhesion sutures. METHODS: In all abdominoplasties, the access route was the lower transverse pubic region extended up to the level of the anterior superior iliac spines bilaterally, combined with liposuction in the adjacent regions. After the dissection, plication of the rectus muscles, and resection of excess skin, adhesion sutures were applied throughout the dissected regions. RESULTS: The systematic use of adhesion sutures was efficient, without the need to use drains, given the absence of seroma in all cases. CONCLUSION: In lower pubic transverse abdominoplasty, limited dissection of the cutaneous flap extended up to the xiphoid, combined with adhesion sutures and liposuction, avoided the use of vacuum drains; no seroma developed, and the results were good.

Correlation between vertebral bone marrow fat and abdomen fat: a prospective study / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the correlation between the lumbar bone marrow fat and abdominal fat.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 68 individuals (32 men and 36 women, aged 21-74 years with a median of 49.5 years) were included in this study. All the subjects underwent spectroscopic examination of the third lumber vertebra with the single voxel method on a 1.5T MR scanner to measure the fat fraction (FF%). Quantitative CT was also performed for measurement of the abdomen subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT). The measurements were compared between subjects aged ≥50 years and those below 50 years, respectively,in male or female subjects.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In male subjects, BMI, FF%, VAT or SAT showed no significant differences between the two age groups (P>0.05), and FF% was not correlated with BMI, VAT or SAT (r=0.109, 0.034, 0.066, respectively; P>0.05). In the female subjects, BMI, FF%, VAT and SAT differed significantly between the two age groups (P<0.05), and in ≥50 years group, FF% showed a positive correlation with VAT (r=0.499, P<0.05) but was not correlated with SAT (r=0.221, P>0.05); in<50 years group, FF% was not correlated with VAT or SAT (r=0.076, -0.067, respectively; P>0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>FF% is positively correlated with VAT in female subjects aged beyond 50 years, but is not correlated with VAT or SAT in male subjects or in younger female subjects.</p>

Abdominal Subcutaneous Fat Thickness Measured by Ultrasonography Correlates with Hyperlipidemia and Steatohepatitis in Obese Children / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness measured by ultrasonography (US) and serum lipid profile and liver transaminases in obese children. METHODS: One hundred and sixty-six children diagnosed with obesity from May 2001 to December 2013 were included in this study. Data on serum lipid profile and liver transaminases were collected from clinical records. Abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness and grade of hepatic steatosis were evaluated by US. RESULTS: Of the 166 children, 107 were diagnosed with hepatic steatosis by US, 46 with grade I, 56 with grade II, and five children with grade III. According to the grade of hepatic steasosis, the average values of midline abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness and right flank abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness measured 2.9+/-0.8 cm and 1.9+/-0.7 cm in the normal group, 3.3+/-0.8 cm and 2.0+/-0.7 cm in grade I, 3.8+/-0.8 cm and 2.3+/-0.8 cm in grade II, and 4.1+/-0.8 cm and 2.8+/-1.4 cm in grade III, respectively. Abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness correlated with grade of hepatic steatosis (p<0.01). In addition, abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness correlated with concentration of serum lipids and liver transaminases in the age group of 12-14 years (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness measured by US can be used as a reliable predictor of possible hyperlipidemia and steatohepatitis in children, especially during the adolescent stage.

Advanced Properties of Urine Derived Stem Cells Compared to Adipose Tissue Derived Stem Cells in Terms of Cell Proliferation, Immune Modulation and Multi Differentiation

Adipose tissue stem cells (ADSCs) would be an attractive autologous cell source. However, ADSCs require invasive procedures, and has potential complications. Recently, urine stem cells (USCs) have been proposed as an alternative stem cell source. In this study, we compared USCs and ADSCs collected from the same patients on stem cell characteristics and capacity to differentiate into various cell lineages to provide a useful guideline for selecting the appropriate type of cell source for use in clinical application. The urine samples were collected via urethral catheterization, and adipose tissue was obtained from subcutaneous fat tissue during elective laparoscopic kidney surgery from the same patient (n = 10). Both cells were plated for primary culture. Cell proliferation, colony formation, cell surface markers, immune modulation, chromosome stability and multi-lineage differentiation were analyzed for each USCs and ADSCs at cell passage 3, 5, and 7. USCs showed high cell proliferation rate, enhanced colony forming ability, strong positive for stem cell markers expression, high efficiency for inhibition of immune cell activation compared to ADSCs at cell passage 3, 5, and 7. In chromosome stability analysis, both cells showed normal karyotype through all passages. In analysis of multi-lineage capability, USCs showed higher myogenic, neurogenic, and endogenic differentiation rate, and lower osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation rate compared to ADSCs. Therefore, we expect that USC can be an alternative autologous stem cell source for muscle, neuron and endothelial tissue reconstruction instead of ADSCs.

Adaptive Iterative Dose Reduction Algorithm in CT: Effect on Image Quality Compared with Filtered Back Projection in Body Phantoms of Different Sizes

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of the adaptive iterative dose reduction (AIDR) three-dimensional (3D) algorithm in CT on noise reduction and the image quality compared to the filtered back projection (FBP) algorithm and to compare the effectiveness of AIDR 3D on noise reduction according to the body habitus using phantoms with different sizes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three different-sized phantoms with diameters of 24 cm, 30 cm, and 40 cm were built up using the American College of Radiology CT accreditation phantom and layers of pork belly fat. Each phantom was scanned eight times using different mAs. Images were reconstructed using the FBP and three different strengths of the AIDR 3D. The image noise, the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the phantom were assessed. Two radiologists assessed the image quality of the 4 image sets in consensus. The effectiveness of AIDR 3D on noise reduction compared with FBP were also compared according to the phantom sizes. RESULTS: Adaptive iterative dose reduction 3D significantly reduced the image noise compared with FBP and enhanced the SNR and CNR (p < 0.05) with improved image quality (p < 0.05). When a stronger reconstruction algorithm was used, greater increase of SNR and CNR as well as noise reduction was achieved (p < 0.05). The noise reduction effect of AIDR 3D was significantly greater in the 40-cm phantom than in the 24-cm or 30-cm phantoms (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The AIDR 3D algorithm is effective to reduce the image noise as well as to improve the image-quality parameters compared by FBP algorithm, and its effectiveness may increase as the phantom size increases.

Abdominal and Pericardial Fat in Patients with and without Coronary Artery Disease: Computed Tomography Study

OBJECTIVE: There has been a limited investigation looking into the correlation between pericardial fat and abdominal fat with coronary artery disease (CAD) as measured by coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA). We proposed that the volume of pericardial fat is larger in patients with CAD than in patients without CAD, and sought to determine which abdominal adiposity index best correlated with pericardial fat volume. METHODS: Participants were examined using CCTA between October 2007 and January 2008. All participants had no previous history of CAD. Pericardial adipose tissue (PAT) volume, abdominal total adipose tissue volume, abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue volume, and abdominal visceral adipose tissue (AVAT) volume were measured using CCTA. RESULTS: Fifty patients (26.5%) demonstrated CAD, and 139 patients did not demonstrate CAD by CCTA. PAT volume in patients with CAD was larger than that of patients without CAD (173.2+/-64.2 cm3 vs. 147.6+/-50.4 cm3, p<0.01). However, indices of abdominal adiposity were not significantly different between the two groups. Using multivariable analysis, independent predictors of CAD were PAT volume (odds ratio [OR] 1.01, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00-1.02, p=0.04), coronary artery calcium score (OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.00-1.01, p<0.01), and typical chest pain (OR 4.88, 95% CI 1.47-16.21, p=0.01). AVAT volume showed a linear correlation with PAT volume. CONCLUSION: PAT volume was an independent predictor of CAD as measured by CCTA. PAT volume was also well correlated with the AVAT volume among the indices of abdominal adiposity.

Aumento mamário por meio da incisão da abdominoplastia: estudo prospectivo de 100 casos / Breast augmentation via the abdominoplasty incision approach: a prospective study of 100 cases

INTRODUÇÃO: A gravidez e a obesidade causam distensão da parede abdominal e também produzem mudanças na forma e no tamanho das mamas. Assim, não é incomum a necessidade de melhoria estética da área abdominal, coincidindo com o desejo de aumento de mama. A mamoplastia utilizando a mesma incisão da abdominoplastia foi descrita pela primeira vez em 1976. Em decorrência da falta de estudos prospectivos empregando essa abordagem, os autores realizaram uma série de dermolipectomias usando a incisão abdominal para inserir o par de implantes mamários de silicone gel. MÉTODO: Cem pacientes consecutivas foram selecionadas, com média de idade de 33 ± 2 anos. A abdominoplastia clássica foi realizada e, em seguida, confeccionados 2 túneis sobre os hipocôndrios direito e esquerdo. Após colocação dos implantes, foi realizada reconstrução do sulco mamário com pontos simples usando fios absorvíveis, fixando o subcutâneo à aponeurose. RESULTADOS: Não houve nenhuma das seguintes complicações: trombose venosa profunda, complicações cardiorrespiratórias ou anestésicas, necrose de pele, sangramento visível, e hematoma ou infecção detectáveis clinicamente. O volume dos implantes variou de 280 ml a 450 ml (mediana de 350 ml). O tempo médio de operação foi de 116 minutos. Em nenhum caso foi necessária reoperação. O período de acompanhamento mínimo foi de 9 meses e máximo, de 84 meses (média de 36 meses). CONCLUSÕES: A técnica de aumento mamário por meio da incisão da abdominoplastia se mostrou confiável e simples, constituindo uma nova opção para a cirurgia mamária sem cicatriz nas mamas.

INTRODUCTION: Pregnancy and obesity cause distension of the abdominal wall and produce changes in the shape and size of the breasts. Thus, the need of aesthetic improvement of the abdominal area is not uncommon, coinciding with the desire for breast augmentation. Performing mammoplasty via the abdominoplasty incision approach was first described in 1976. Because of the lack of prospective studies using this approach, we performed a series of dermolipectomy procedures using the abdominal incision to insert a pair of silicone gel breast implants. METHODS: In total, 100 consecutive patients were selected, with a mean age of 33 ± 2 years. Classic abdominoplasty was performed, and 2 tunnels were then made in the right and left hypochondria. After implant placement, the mammary fold was reconstructed using simple sutures with absorbable threads to attach the subcutaneous tissue to the aponeurosis. RESULTS: None of the following complications were observed: deep-vein thrombosis, cardiorespiratory or anesthetic complications, skin necrosis, visible bleeding, hematoma, or clinically detectable infection. The volume of the implants ranged from 280 to 450 mL (median, 350 mL). The mean operation time was 116 minutes. Reoperation was not necessary in any of the cases. The monitoring period ranged from 9 to 84 months (mean, 36 months). CONCLUSIONS: Breast augmentation via the abdominoplasty incision approach was demonstrated to be a reliable and simple technique, providing a new, scar-free alternative to mammary surgical procedures.

Hepatogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells from peritoneal adipose tissue

BACKGROUNDS/AIMS: It has been reported that functional hepatogenic differentiation has the possibility to occur in subcutaneous adipose tissue-derived stem cells. However, no studies have investigated whether the adipose tissue-driven stem cells present in various body parts differ according to hepatogenic differentiations. In this study, stem cells were separated from body visceral fat and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue, and cultured, and then hepatogenic differentiation was induced. We aim to investigate the possibilities and aspects of hepatogenic differentiations within the two types of fat cells. METHODS: Omental fat tissues were obtained as visceral fat and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissues were obtained from patients who had suction-assisted lipectomy. Stem cells were separated from the obtained fat tissues, and then, hepatogenic differentiation was carried out by utilizing 2-step differentiation protocols. RESULTS: After the differentiation, two types of cultured cells that showed the similar neuron-like shapes were changed to cuboidal shapes and included several binucleated cells which could be characteristics of mature hepatocytes. We confirmed that hepatocyte specific genes and proteins such as albumin and CYP3A4 were being expressed. By utilizing the ELISA test, we were able to observe that the albumin was secreted into the culture fluids in both cells. After completing the differentiation, we observed the presence of the hepatocyte specific properties by confirming glycogen storage within the cells and the ICG reagent uptake. CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed that hepatogenic differentiation was possible to occur in the omental fat as well as subcutaneous adipose tissue.